Simplest Amino Acid

Introduction to Simplest amino acid:
Amino acids are simple organic molecules containing both amino (-NH2 group) and carboxylic acid group (-COOH). In actual practice, the term amino acid is used with reference to α – amino carboxylic acids which are isolated from natural sources. The discovery of amino acid was started in the year 1806 with the isolation of “Asparagine” from “Asparagus juice”, which is obtained from natural sources. In the year 1820, the first amino acid was isolated from protein material. A high molecular weight protein like gelatin was cleaved by digestion with dilute acid (Hydrolysis). The cleavage product was separated and a major product was identified as simplest amino acid termed glycine as common name. Many other amino acids have been isolated from non-protein sources such as antibiotics, bacterial cell wall, biochemical metabolites in plants and animals. More than 100 amino acids have isolated and identified but only 20 amino acids are of general occurrence because they are found in all proteins. All the natural amino acids that occur as a constituent of proteins and are optically active compounds except simplest amino acid (glycine) are optically inactive. Although some of the amino acids in proteins are dextro rotator and some of them are Levo - rotatory  at PH =7.  Amino acids are colorless and crystalline solids which are used in the formation of amino acid peptide. Amino acids are generally insoluble in non – polar solvents like ether, benzene etc., but soluble in polar solvents like water. However, some amino acids are almost insoluble in water. Amino acids can react with both acids and bases. Amino acid has Zwitter ion structure. In solution, the Zwitter ion is in equilibrium with the covalent form of the amino acid. The Zwitter ion is an amino acid molecule containing both positive and negative charge. Amino acid exhibit Iso electric point. It is the PH of the solution at which amino acid does not move either to the cathode or to the anode.


Formation of peptide bond by simplest amino acid:


When two simplest amino acid molecules combine, a reaction takes place between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the other with the elimination of water molecule. The resultant bond formed between the two amino acid molecules is called peptide bond (or also called amino acid peptide bond). An amino acid peptide bond is an amide bond (-CONH-) formed between the two amino acid molecules.

H2N-CH2-COOH  +  HNH-CH2-COOH    →    H2N-CH2-CONH-CH2-COOH  +  H2O

Glycine                       Glycine                                  Dipeptide

Thus amino acid peptide is a linear polymer chemistry consisting of large number of amino acids with molecular weight less than 10,000 and protein molecule as molecular weight more than 10,000.


Peptide bonds:


The joining of amino acids in the process of making biochemical molecules like proteins is done by bonds which are referred to as peptide bonds. This may be illustrated with the two simplest amino acids, glycine and alanine.

Properties of Simplest amino acid (Glycine):

Simplest amino acid (Glycine) is a neutral amino acid.

Simplest amino acid (Glycine) belong to Non – Essential amino acid.  Non – Essential amino acids are the one which are synthesized by the human body.

Distilled Water Calcium

Introduction to Distilled Water Calcium:

There are various numbers of microscopic contaminants present in natural water, in conjugation with the dissolved minerals like calcium and iron. There are many methods to remove out these contaminants. The one way for removing these from water is boiling it until it changes into steam. This process is termed as distillation. After that, this steam is cooled down and condensed into liquid form again. The resultant product is a pure form known as distilled water. Distilled water is nothing but it contains only hydrogen and oxygen molecules in a fixed proportion with pH 7. In distilled water, there are no minerals present.

Please express your views of this topic Calcium Valence Electrons by commenting on blog.

Principle of Distillation:

Distillation process rely on that solid materials present in water are heavier than the molecules of water themselves. In distiller, water is heated and in this process, dissolved solids like bacteria, salt, iron or calcium remain solid whereas purified water is converted into much lighter steam which is further drawn out for the process of condensation.


Properties and Uses of Distilled Water Calcium


It has a bland taste because all the minerals responsible to give flavor to water have been removed. This water is very safe to drink.


Distilled water is used for research purpose where the purity of water is necessary for industrial use. It is also utilized in the steam irons for preventing calcium build-up. This is also used as mixing liquid in certain baby formulas.

Having problem with Formula Mass Definition keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

Some Controversy about Distilled Water



There are some controversies in using distilled water. One suggests that this water is beneficial because it does not contain any minerals and impurities and helps in flush away the toxins and excess minerals from body. Another one says that essential minerals are leached out from the body. They could leave teeth susceptible to harm. It also does not contain sodium floride.


Conclusion for Distilled Water:



At last, we can say that calcium and other minerals are totally absent in distilled water. When it is exposed to air, it absorb carbon dioxide and responsible for lowering the pH to more acidic level. This high acidity creates a lot of health problems. As distilled water is tasteless due to the absence of calcium and other minerals, we can improve the flavor of this water by adding some essences if required.

Carcinogenicity and Toxicity

Introduction to the carcinogenicity and toxicity

An increased understanding of the mechanism of mutation and cancer stimulation has increased efforts to recognize environmental carcinogens so that they can be deflected. The observation that many carcinogenic agents also are mutagenic is the basis for detecting potential carcinogens by testing for mutagenicity while taking advantage of bacterial selection techniques and short generation times. The Ames test, developed by Bruce Ames in the 1970s has been extensively used to test for the carcinogenicity in the laboratory.Is this topic Chemical Properties of Halogens hard for you? Watch out for my coming posts.

Test for controlling carcinogenicity and toxicity

The Ames test is a mutational reversion assay employing many special strains of Salmonella typhimurium, each of which has a diverse mutation in the histidine biosynthesis operon. To ensure that DNA replication can takes place in the occurrence of the potential mutagens, the bacteria and test materials are mixed in dilute molten top agar to which a trace of histidine has been diluted.


Definition for carcinogenicity


Usually a carcinogen is any material, radionuclide or emission, which is a mediator involved to cause cancer. This may be due to the capacity to damage the genome or to the disruption of cellular metabolic or biological process. Various radioactive substances are considered as carcinogens, but their carcinogenic action is recognized to the radiation, for e.g gamma rays and alpha particles, which they release. General examples of carcinogens are

inhaled asbestos,

definite dioxins, and

tobacco smoke.

Having problem with Formula for Molar Mass keep reading my upcoming posts, i will try to help you.

Definition for toxicity


Toxicity is the extent to which substances can injure an organism. Toxicity can be put forward to the consequence on a whole organism, such as an animal, bacterium, or plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity), such as the liver (hepatotoxicity). In addition, the word toxicity is used to clarify lethal effects on bigger and more complex groups, such as the family unit or society at huge.

General characteristics of carcinogenicity and toxicity in microbiological research:

The control of microorganisms is critical for the avoidance and curing of disease using chemical and physical materials to treat inanimate objects in order to damage microorganisms or inhibit their growth of the organisms. A drug that disrupts the microbial function not found in eukaryotic animal cells often has a greater selective toxicity and higher therapeutic index. For example, penicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis but has little effect on host cells because they lack their cell walls. Therefore penicillin therapeutic index is high. Fig 1. carcinogenicity and toxicity symbol hazards.

Sources of Thermal Energy

Introduction to sources of thermal energy

Before learning the sources of the thermal energy we need to know what is thermal energy. Thermal energy is the energy generated when any object gets heated. It is caused due to increase in the velocity of molecules in a substance which will result in increase in temperature. Thermal energy from one object get transferred in to other object in the form of heat.I like to share this Activation Energy Formula with you all through my article.


Solar Sources of thermal energy


The ultimate source of thermal energy is solar power from sun .This huge thermo-nuclear furnace supplies the earth and other planets in the universe with the heat and light that are essential to life. Thermal energy from sun is received by the earth in the form of heat.

Molten core Source of thermal energy


Another source of thermal energy is the molten core present inside the earth. The heat from this molten core lessens as we move away from the core to upper layers of earth.  How ever we can extract enormous amount of energy from this molten core. One way is geothermal wells that pump out energy in the form of steam or hot water which can be converted and used or can be used directly.

Understanding Define Ionic Compounds is always challenging for me but thanks to all science help websites to help me out. 

Oceans Source of thermal energy


Thermal energy can also be obtained from oceans. The water at the surface gets heated during day times than compared to water in inner layers of ocean . So by harnessing this hot water thermal energy can be converted in to electrical energy by using proper device.


Conclusion on Sources of thermal energy


Coal, oil, natural gas all these fossil fuels can also be used as a source for thermal energy. By burning this fossil fuels we get thermal energy.

This all about sources of thermal energy. Hope you enjoyed it Kooolllllll...!!!!!!!